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how can the scientists know about calamities
Earthquake
Scientists cannot warn people yet with an very accurate statement. Scientists are currently studying seismic activity. The best estimate would be to study seismic gaps, foreshocks, changes in rocks, and more. It might give them a possible location and time of the future earthquake. They hope to soon find ways to warn people, but for now they just have to try their best.


Tsunami
 the tsunami is the result of an earthquake, then scientists take three locations that the earthquake hit. They find a radius by finding out how long it took for P waves and S waves to hit the land. Once they've drawn circles, calculated by the radius, around all three locations there is an epicenter. This is where all three circles intersect. They then have seismographs that show the damage of the earthquake by a Moment Magnitude Scale. Then they predict that a tsunami will follow shortly after and they warn the countries in danger.

Volcanic Eruption

A scientist can warn people of a volcanic eruption because of tremors that occur around the volcano, they can also record pressure thats building inside the volcano. Meaning they can warn people of a oncoming eruption and giving and exclusion zone. Also there are physical appearances such as smoke rising out of the volcano.


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