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civilization
Civilization  generally refers to polities which combine three basic institutions: a ceremonial centre, a system of writing, and a city. The term is used to contrast with other types of communities including hunter-gathers, nomadic pastoralists and tribal-villages. Civilizations have more densely populated settlements, characterized by a ruling elite, and subordinate urban and rural populations, which, by the division of labour, engage in intensive agriculture, mining, small-scale manufacture and trade. Civilization concentrates power, extending man's control over both nature, and over other human beings.


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