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the technical and institutional reforms of agriculture
Agriculture which provides livelihood for more than 60% of its population, needs some serious technical and institutional reforms.

To bring about institutional reforms in the country after Independence, collectivisation, consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari, etc. were given priority.
  • ‘Land reform’ was the main focus of our First Five Year Plan.
  • The right of inheritance lead to fragmentation of land holdings necessitating consolidation of holdings.
  • The Green Revolution based on the use of package technology and the White Revolution (Operation Flood) were some of the strategies initiated to improve the lot of Indian agriculture.
  • In the 1980s and 1990s, a comprehensive land development programme was initiated, which included both institutional and technical reforms.
  • Kissan Credit Card (KCC), Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) are some other schemes introduced by the Government of India for the benefit of the farmers.
  • Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers were introduced on the radio and television.
  • The government also announces minimum support price, remunerative and procurement prices for important crops to check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen.


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