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what are the av waves?
    
Jugular venous pressure (JVP) provides an indirect measure of central venous pressure. The internal jugular vein connects to the right atrium without any intervening valves - thus acting as a column for the blood in the right atrium. The JVP consists of certain waveforms and abnormalities of these can help to diagnose certain conditions.
Waves:

    a - presystolic; produced by right atrial contraction.
    c - bulging of the tricuspid valve into the right atrium during ventricular systole (isovolumic phase).
    v - occurs in late systole; increased blood in the right atrium from venous return.


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