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describe the formation of hydrogen, chlorine, nitrogen and oxygen with diagram?

Covalent Bonding:

When non-metals react with non-metals they share electrons and form a covalent bond. Covalent means sharing. A covalent bond forms because of the electrostatic attraction between the nuclei of the atoms (that are positive) and the shared electrons (that are negative). There are no ions present (no + or - charges) because the electrons are shared, not transferred from one atom to another.
    One pair of shared electrons form a single covalent bond. Two pairs of shared electrons form a double covalent bond. Three pairs of shared electrons form a triple covalent bond.

Formation of Hydrogen molecule: (1)
           A hydrogen atom has 1 electron in its outer shell.
Hydrogen can only form 1 bond.
The Structure of a Hydrogen Molecule

Formation of Chlorine molecule: (2,8,7)
         Chlorine is a non-metal. A chlorine atom has 7 electrons in its outer shell. Chlorine is in group 7 of the periodic table. Two chlorine atoms will each share one electron to get a full outer shell and form a stable Cl2 molecule.
The Formation of a Chlorine Molecule from Atoms.
Formation of  Oxygen molecule: (2,6)
       Oxygen is a non-metal. An oxygen atom has 6 electrons in its outer shell. Oxygen is in group 6 of the periodic table. Two oxygen atoms will each share two electrons to form two covalent bonds and make an oxygen molecule  (O2).


        (2,6)                   (2,6)
2 pairs (4 electrons) shared between the atoms. Each electron pair is one bond. Oxygen has two bonds between its atoms. This is called a double bond.

                        Oxygen
Formation of Nitrogen molecule: (2,5)
         Nitrogen is a non-metal. A nitrogen atom has 5 electrons in its outer shell. Nitrogen is in group 5 of the periodic table. Two nitrogen atoms will each share three electrons to form three covalent bonds and make a nitrogen molecule  (N2).


The Structure of a Nitrogen Molecule
The structural formula of an nitrogen molecule is written
                        Nitrogen
 


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