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Industrialization occurs when a nation's economic system decreases its reliance upon producing goods by hand and increases its reliance upon producing goods by machine.

Industries arise when huge markets of capital and labor are combined to lower production costs, raise each worker's output, and subsequently, create large amounts of consumer goods.

Urbanization occurs when a community takes on the characteristics of a city.

A city is a relatively large and permanent settlement of people who generally have some type of system for sanitation, utilities, land usage, housing, and transportation and more.

On the positive side, urbanization brought new jobs, new opportunities, new housing, and new transportation; but on the negative side, urbanization gave rise to widespread urban poverty, sub-standard housing, environmental degradation, increasing crime and violence, violent clashes between labor and management, and political corruption.