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BIOLOGY
Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.[1] Biology is a vast subject containing many subdivisions, topics, and disciplines. Among the most important topics are five unifying principles that are said to be the fundamental axioms of modern biology:[2]
- Cells are the basic unit of life
- Genes are the basic unit of heredity
- New species and inherited traits are the product of evolution
Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.[1] Biology is a vast subject containing many subdivisions, topics, and disciplines. Among the most important topics are five unifying principles that are said to be the fundamental axioms of modern biology:[2]
- Cells are the basic unit of life
- Genes are the basic unit of heredity
- New species and inherited traits are the product of evolution
- An organism regulates its internal environment to maintain a stable and constant condition
- Living organisms consume and transform energy
Subdisciplines of biology are recognized on the basis of the scale at which organisms are studied and the methods used to study them: biochemistry examines the rudimentary chemistry of life; molecular biology studies the complex interactions of systems of biological molecules; cellular biology examines the basic building block of all life, the cell; physiology examines the physical and chemical functions of the tissues, organs, and organ systems of an organism; evolutionary biology examines the processes that have given rise to the diversity of life; and ecology examines how various organisms interact and associate with their environment.[3]
- Living organisms consume and transform energy
Subdisciplines of biology are recognized on the basis of the scale at
which organisms are studied and the methods used to study them: biochemistry examines the rudimentary chemistry of life; molecular biology studies the complex interactions of systems of biological molecules; cellular biology examines the basic building block of all life, the cell; physiology examines the physical and chemical functions of the tissues, organs, and organ systems of an organism; evolutionary biology examines the processes that have given rise to the diversity of life; and ecology examines how various organisms interact and associate with their environment.[3]
FLOWER
A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also called angiosperms). The biological function of a flower is to effect reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism for the union of sperm with eggs. Flowers may facilitate outcrossing (fusion of sperm and eggs from different individuals in a population) or allow selfing (fusion of sperm and egg from the same flower). Some flowers produce diaspores without fertilization (parthenocarpy). Flowers contain sporangia and are the site where gametophytes develop. Flowers give rise to fruit and seeds. Many flowers have evolved to be attractive to animals, so as to cause them to be vectors for the transfer of pollen.
In addition to facilitating the reproduction of flowering plants,
flowers have long been admired and used by humans to beautify their
environment, and also as objects of romance, ritual, religion, medicine
and as a source of food.
LIGHTNING
Lightning is a massive electrostatic discharge caused by unbalanced electric charge in the atmosphere, either inside clouds, cloud to cloud or cloud to ground, accompanied by the loud sound of thunder.
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A typical cloud to ground lightning strike can be over 5 km (3 mi) long.[1] A typical thunderstorm may have three or more strikes per minute at its peak.[2] Lightning is usually produced by cumulonimbus clouds up to 15 km high (10 mi) high, based 5–6 km (3-4 mi) above the ground. Lightning is caused by the circulation of warm moisture-filled air through electric fields.[3] Ice or water particles then accumulate charge as in a Van de Graaf generator.[4] Lightning may occur during snow storms (thundersnow), volcanic eruptions, dust storms, forest fires or tornadoes.[5][6] Hurricanes typically generate some lightning, mainly in the rainbands as much as 160 km (100 mi) from the center.[7][8][9]
When the local electric field exceeds the dielectric strength of damp air (about 3 million Volts/m), electrical discharge results, often followed by more discharges along the same path. Mechanisms that cause lightning are still a matter of scientific investigation.[10][11]
Fear of lightning is called astraphobia. The study or science of lightning is called fulminology.[12]
