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refraction
n optics, refraction is a phenomenon that often occurs when waves travel from a medium with a givenrefractive index to a medium with another at an oblique angle. At the boundary between the media, the wave's phase velocity is altered, usually causing a change in direction. Its wavelength increases or decreases but its frequency remains constant. For example, a light ray will refract as it enters and leaves glass, assuming there is a change in refractive index. A ray traveling along the normal(perpendicular to the boundary) will change speed, but not direction. Refraction still occurs in this case. Understanding of this concept led to the invention of lenses and the refracting telescope.
Refraction can be seen when looking into a bowl of water. Air has a refractive index of about 1.0003, and water has a refractive index of about 1.3330. If a person looks at a straight object, such as a pencil or straw, which is placed at a slant, partially in the water, the object appears to bend at the water's surface. This is due to the bending of light rays as they move from the water to the air. Once the rays reach the eye, the eye traces them back as straight lines (lines of sight).
refraction
Refraction is the change in direction of a wave due to a change in its transmission medium.
Refraction is essentially a surface phenomenon. The phenomenon is mainly in governance to the law of conservation of energy and momentum. Due to change of medium, the phase velocity of the wave is changed but its frequency remains constant. This is most commonly observed when a wave passes from one medium to another at any angle other than 90° or 0°. Refraction of light is the most commonly observed phenomenon, but any type of wave can refract when it interacts with a medium, for example when sound waves pass from one medium into another or when water waves move into water of a different depth. Refraction is described by Snell's law, which states that for a given pair of media and a wave with a single frequency, the ratio of the sines of the angle of incidence ?1 andangle of refraction ?2 is equivalent to the ratio of phase velocities (v1 / v2) in the two media, or equivalently, to the opposite ratio of the indices of refraction (n2 / n1):
SACHIN
Sachin Tendulkar is the leading run scorer in Tests, with 15,921 runs, as well as in One-Day Internationals, with 18,426 runs.[1] He is the only player to score more than 30,000 runs in all forms of international cricket (Tests, ODIs and Twenty20 Internationals).[10] He is the 16th player and the first Indian to score 50,000 runs in all forms of domestic and international recognised cricket (First-class, List A and Twenty20). He achieved this feat on 5 October 2013, during a Champions League Twenty20match for his IPL team Mumbai Indians against Trinidad and Tobago
playing style of SACHIN
Play style
Tendulkar is cross-dominant: he bats, bowls and throws with his right hand, but writes with his left hand.[273][274] He also practices left-handed throws at the nets on a regular basis. Cricinfo columnist Sambit Bal has described him as the "most wholesome batsman of his time".[1] His batting is based on complete balance and poise while limiting unnecessary movements and flourishes. He appears to show little preference for the slow and low wickets which are typical in India, and has scored many centuries on the hard, bouncy pitches in South Africa and Australia.[1] He is known for his unique punch style of hitting the ball over square. He is also renowned for his picture-perfect straight drive, often completed with no follow-through. The straight drive is often said to be his favourite shot.[275] In 2008, Sunil Gavaskar, in an article he wrote in the AFP, remarked that "it is hard to imagine any player in the history of the game who combines classical technique with raw aggression like the little champion does".[276]
Sir Donald Bradman, considered by many as the greatest batsman of all time, considered Tendulkar to have a batting style similar to his. In his biography, it is stated that "Bradman was most taken by Tendulkar's technique, compactness and shot production, and had asked his wife to have a look at Tendulkar, having felt that Tendulkar played like him. Bradman's wife, Jessie, agreed that they did appear similar."[277][278]
Former Australian cricket team coach John Buchanan voiced his opinion that Tendulkar had become susceptible to the short ball early in his innings because of a lack of footwork.[279] Buchanan also believes Tendulkar has a weakness while playing left-arm pace.[279] He was affected by a series of injuries since 2004. Since then Tendulkar's batting has tended to be less attacking. Explaining this change in his batting style, he has acknowledged that he is batting differently because, firstly, no batsman can bat the same way for the entire length of a long career and, secondly, he is a senior member of the team now and thus has more responsibility. During the early part of his career, he was a more attacking batsman and frequently scored centuries at close to a run a ball. Ian Chappell, former Australian player, remarked in 2007 that "Tendulkar now, is nothing like the player he was when he was a young bloke".[280]
Tendulkar has incorporated several modern and unorthodox strokes into his repertoire, including the paddle sweep, the scoop over short fine leg and the slash to third man over the slips' heads, over the last seven or eight years. He is often praised for his ability to adapt to the needs of his body and yet keep scoring consistently.[281]
While Tendulkar is not a regular bowler, he can bowl medium pace, leg spin, and off spin. He often bowls when two batsmen of the opposite team have been batting together for a long period, as he can often be a useful partnership breaker.[282] With his bowling, he has helped secure an Indian victory on more than one occasion.[283] He has taken 201 international wickets – 46 in Tests, 154 in ODIs where he is India's tenth highest wicket taker, and one wicket in Twenty20 Internationals.[284]
SACHIN
Sachin Ramesh Tendulkar (
i/?s?t??n t?n?du?lk?r/; born 24 April 1973) is a formerIndian cricketer widely acknowledged as one of the greatest batsmen of all time, popularly holding the title "God of Cricket" among his fans.[2] Some commentators, such as former West Indian batsman Brian Lara, have labelled Tendulkar the greatest cricketer of all time.[6][7][8][9] He took up cricket at the age of eleven, made his Test debut against Pakistan at the age of sixteen, and went on to representMumbai domestically and India internationally for close to twenty-four years. He is the only player to have scored one hundred international centuries, the first batsman to score a double century in a One Day International, the only player to complete more than 30,000 runs in international cricket.[10] and the 16th player and first Indian to aggregate 50,000 runs or more in all forms of domestic and international recognised cricket.[11]
hail
Hail forms in a complex between moisture, and wind. Deep within cumulonimbus clouds ice crystals form, and begin to fall towards the Earth’s surface. As this happens, wind gusts pick up the ice crystals pushing them back up high into the clouds. As they begin to again fall down, they continue growing in size. Again, a wind gust might catch the growing hail stone pushing it back up high into the cloud. This process may be repeated several more times, until the hail stone becomes so large that it is too heavy for the wind to carry, causing it to fall towards the Earth.
The World 10K Bangalore
The World 10K Bangalore (known as the TCS World 10K for sponsorshipreasons by Tata Consultancy Services (TCS)) is an annual 10 kilometres road running competition which takes place in Bangalore, India. The competition was first held in 2008 and usually takes place in late May. The first three editions were sponsored by Sunfeast (ITC Limited).
The race, which is certified by AIMS-certified,[1] begins and ends at the Sree Kanteerava Stadium, after looping through the roads of Bangalore. The different race categories at the event are – World 10K (participation restricted to International and National athletes), Open 10K (participation open to amateur runners), Majja Run (a 5.7 Km run meant for fun runners), Senior Citizens’ Run (a 4.2 Km run for Senior Citizens, and the Champions with Disability event (a 4.2 Km event for persons with disability). In addition to this there also is a 10 Km Corporate Champions category in which companies can field a team of 3 members and compete to achieve the best aggregate time.
Paris
Paris (UK: /?pær?s/; US: i/?p??r?s/; French: [pa?i] (
)) is the capital and most populous city of France. Situated on the Seine River, in the north of the country, it is at the heart of the Île-de-France region, also known as the région parisienne[5] ("Paris Region" in English[6][7]). Within its administrative limits largely unchanged since 1860(the 20 arrondissements), the city of Paris has a population of 2,249,975 inhabitants (January 2011),[4] but its metropolitan area is one of the largest population centres in Europe, with 12,292,895 inhabitants at the January 2011 census.[3]
Paris
Paris is a global hub of fashion, noted for its haute couture tailoring, its high-end boutiques, and the twice-yearly Paris Fashion Week. It is world renowned for its haute cuisine, attracting many of the world's leading chefs. Many of France's most prestigious universities and Grandes Écoles are in Paris or its suburbs, and France's major newspapers Le Monde, Le Figaro, Libération are based in the city, and Le Parisien in Saint-Ouen near Paris.
Paris
Paris has one of the largest GDPs in the world, €607 billion (US$845 billion) in 2011, and is one of the world's leading tourist destinations. In 2013-2014, it received an estimated 15.57 million international overnight visitors, making it third most popular destination for international travelers, after London and Bangkok.[12] The Paris Region hosts the world headquarters of 30 of the Fortune Global 500 companies[13] in several business districts, notably La Défense, the largest dedicated business district in Europe.[14]
Paris
Paris (UK: /?pær?s/; US: i/?p??r?s/; French: [pa?i] ( )) is the capital and most populous city of France. Situated on the Seine River, in the north of the country, it is at the heart of the Île-de-France region, also known as the région parisienne[5] ("Paris Region" in English[6][7]). Within its administrative limits largely unchanged since 1860(the 20 arrondissements), the city of Paris has a population of 2,249,975 inhabitants (January 2011),[4] but its metropolitan area is one of the largest population centres in Europe, with 12,292,895 inhabitants at the January 2011 census.[3]
Prehistory and antiquity
Two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area. In 1999, the remains of aBronze Age bridge were found on the foreshore north of Vauxhall Bridge.[39] This bridge either crossed the Thames, or went to a (lost) island in the river. Dendrology dated the timbers to 1500BC.[39] In 2010 the foundations of a large timber structure, dated to 4500BC, were found on the Thames foreshore, south of Vauxhall Bridge.[40] The function of the mesolithic structure is not known. Both structures are on South Bank, at a natural crossing point where the River Effra flows into the River Thames.[40]
Although there is evidence of scattered Brythonic settlements in the area, the first major settlement was founded by the Romans in 43 AD.[41] This lasted for just seventeen years and around 61, theIceni tribe led by Queen Boudica stormed it, burning it to the ground.[42] The next, heavily planned, incarnation of Londinium prospered and superseded Colchester as the capital of the Roman provinceof Britannia in 100. At its height during the 2nd century, Roman London had a population of around 60,000.