Which one of the following crime rates was higher in the United States than in Europe during the 1980s and 1990s?
murder
rape
robbery
all of the above
Which sociological perspective emphasizes that societies literally could not function if massive numbers of people defied standards of appropriate conduct?
functionalist perspective
conflict perspective
interactionist perspective
labeling theory
An important aspect of labeling theory is the recognition that some people or groups have the power to define labels and apply them to others. This view recalls the emphasis placed on the social significance of power by the:
anomie theory of deviance
According to Merton, the most common adaptation in the anomie theory of deviance is:
conformity
innovation
ritualism
rebellion
Which of the following is a leading exponent of the view that the criminal justice system serves the interests of the powerful?
Richard Quinney
Edwin Sutherland
Stanley Milgram
William Chambliss
A burglar who wants to live in the suburbs along with lawyers and stockbrokers will pursue material success by violating the law. In Robert Merton's terms, the burglar is a(n):
ritualist
retreatist
rebel
innovator
In Merton's terms, a person who has abandoned the goal of material success and become compulsively committed to the institutional means is a (an):
Gambling, public drunkenness, prostitution, and smoking marijuana are often considered:
white-collar crimes
violent crimes against people
"victimless" crimes
organized crime
Which of the following suggested that the punishments established within a culture help to define acceptable behavior and thus contribute to stability?
Émile Durkheim
If we fail to respect and obey social norms, we may face punishment through informal or formal:
techniques of neutralization
deviance
cultural transmission
sanctions