Which one of the following crime rates was higher in the United States than in Europe during the 1980s and 1990s?
murder
rape
robbery
all of the above
A burglar who wants to live in the suburbs along with lawyers and stockbrokers will pursue material success by violating the law. In Robert Merton's terms, the burglar is a(n):
ritualist
retreatist
rebel
innovator
Which of the following offered pioneering insights regarding professional criminals by publishing an annotated account written by a professional thief?
Robert Merton
Émile Durkheim
Howard S. Becker
Edwin Sutherland
Which of the following conducted observation research on two groups of high school males-the Saints and the Roughnecks-and concluded that social class played an important role in the varying fortunes of the two groups?
Richard Quinney
William Chambliss
In Merton's terms, a person who has abandoned the goal of material success and become compulsively committed to the institutional means is a (an):
Which of the following is a leading exponent of the view that the criminal justice system serves the interests of the powerful?
Stanley Milgram
An important aspect of labeling theory is the recognition that some people or groups have the power to define labels and apply them to others. This view recalls the emphasis placed on the social significance of power by the:
functionalist perspective
conflict perspective
interactionist perspective
anomie theory of deviance
According to Merton, the most common adaptation in the anomie theory of deviance is:
conformity
innovation
ritualism
rebellion
If we fail to respect and obey social norms, we may face punishment through informal or formal:
techniques of neutralization
deviance
cultural transmission
sanctions
A useful distinction between conformity and obedience was made by social psychologist: