1. Give reason for conservation and preservation of all kinds of resources.

Resources are valuable and are mandatory for life. The existence and purity of one resource reflects the status of other and finally the human beings. Therefore proper management techniques should be adopted for retaining the uniqueness of these natural resources.

2. What is mean by conservation of resources?

Conservation of resources means a judicious and planned use of natural resources so that the different resources are also left over to the benefit of the future generations. Methods  of conservation are

        • Afforestation is one method to conserve forest
       • Drip irrigation is one method of conservation of water
       • Seasonal shearing of fur of animals is one of the method of conservation
       • Protecting animals in their habitats is also conservation

3. What do you mean by preservation of resources?

Preservation is to protect the resources without using it for a longer duration.  Methods of preservation are

      * Declaring an area as a reserve forest is preservation
      * Percolation tank is a technique for preserving underground water
      * Reproduction of endangered animals in captivity is preservation
     * Delimiting an area for biosphere reserve is preservation

4. What are the soil erosion control schemes implemented by the Tamilnadu government?

Tamilnadu Agricultural Department has set up soil testing laborateries at village level to help farmers with the scientific assessment of soil quality and treating method.  Every district has a soil research station to help the farmers in assessing the fertility of the soils. Soil conservation is done in two ways, namely restoring soil fertility and preventing soil erosion

5. Distinguish between conservation and preservation ?

Conservation of resources means a judicious and planned use of natural resources so that the different resources are also left over to the benefit of the future generations. Methods  of conservation are

          •    Afforestation is one method to conserve forest
          •    Drip irrigation is one method of conservation of water
          •    Seasonal shearing of fur of animals is one of the methods of conservation
          •    Protecting animals in their habitats is also conservation

Preservation is to protect the resources without using it for a longer duration.  Methods of preservation are

             *  Declaring an area as a reserve forest is preservation
             *  Percolation tank is a technique for preserving underground water
             *  Reproduction of endangered animals in captivity is preservation
             *  Delimiting an area for biosphere reserve is preservation

6. What are the uses of forests?

Forests are rain harvesters,rechargers of soil moisture and reservoirs of underground water,habitats for variety of fauna and flora,and stabilizers of environment. The land area under forest cover in Tamilnadu is 17 %. For constant supply of forest products in a region atleast one- third of an area should be under forest

7. What are the afforestation programmes carried out in Tamilnadu?

Many  afforestation programmes are carried out in Tamilnadu by both governmental and non-governmental organizations. The trees are planted along the road sides,railway tracks,river banks,and catchment areas under social forestry schemes.The vacant lands available in villages are brought under community forest schemes. A comprehensive programme to retain the ecological balance and maintain the bio-diversity has been undertaken as people’s participatory programmes in selected areas.

8 . Name the wildlife sanctuaries in Tamilnadu.

             *  Kalakkad
             *  Point Calimere
             *  Satyamangalam
             *  Mudumalai
             *  Grizzled squirrel
             *  Indira Gandhi
             *  Kanyakumari

9. Name the bird sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu.

               •    Chitragudi
               •    Kanjirankulam
               •    Melaselvanur-Kilaselvanur
               •    Karaivetti
               •    Koothankulam
               •    Point calimere
               •    Pulicat lake
               •    Udayamarthandapuram
               •    Vaduvoor
               •    Vedanthangal
               •    Vellode
               •    Vettangudy

10.  Name some of the birds found in Tamil Nadu.

Spot billed pelicans, Cormorants, Egrets,Grey horon,Strok,White Libs,common Spoonbills Flamingos Teals, Gulls, Terns, Plovers, Darter etc.

11. Name some of the animals found in Tamil Nadu.

Tiger, Elephant,Nilgiri Thahr,Hare, Squirrel,Dugong, Sea turtles,Dolphin,Chital black buck,Flying Squirrel, Sloth bear, Wild boar,Dhole etc

12. Describe about Appiko movement.

Appiko movement was started in Karnataka and spread over forests of Eastern ghats in Tamilnadu. This is a comprehensive people’s participatory movement. It aims at saving the remains of tropical wet evergreen forests in the western ghats. It is initiated to restore the denuded forest areas,to propagate the rational use of forest products and to relive the pressure created on forest resources. The popular slogan for this movement is ‘to save,to grow,and to use rationally’.

13. Explain about UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere Programme.

The UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere Programme was established in 1977 to promote an interdisciplinary approach in research,training and communications in ecosystem conservation and rational use of natural resources. This resulted in forming 553 biosphere reserves in 107 countries of the world.

14. What are biosphere reserves?

Biosphere reserves are a series of protected areas linked through a global network , intended to demonstrate the relationship between conservation and development. It consists of core area,buffer area,transition area,human settlement,research,education/training, and tourism/research.

15. What is mean by Medicinal Plants Conservation areas?

Medicinal Plants Conservation areas are initiated by Tamil Nadu Forest Department to conserve medicinal plants with the help of non-governmental organizations. As  a part of it, MPCA have been identified to protect the endangered species of plants.

16. List out the MPCA ‘s in Tamil Nadu.

             *  Alagarkoil
             *  Kodaikanal
             *  Kolli hills
             *  Kurumbaram
             *  Kuttralam
             *  Mundanthurai
             *  Ambasamudhram
             *  Pechiparai
             *  Thaniparai
             *  Thenmalai
             *  Top slip

17. What is mean by Medicinal Plants Development Area?

Medicinal Plants Development Area is a method which aims at restoring degraded forests by raising the native plants with community participation. There are 8 such MPDA s in Tamil Nadu.

18. List out the MPDA’s in Tamil Nadu.

             *    Attur
             *   Chengalpattu
             *   Coimbatore
             *   Dharmapuri
             *   Doddabetta
             *   Madurai
             *   Salem
             *    Vellore

19. What is mean by wetland?

Areas of marshy land not exceeding 6m depth with or without permanent water,is known as wetlands. A wetland has a prominent role in groundwater recharge. A wetland area directly or indirectly support many people and is a salient caretaker of the entire region. Tamil Nadu has such wetland areas in the following places: Point Calimere, Kazhuveli in Villupuram, Pallikaranai in Chennai, Muthupet and Pichavaram and in a few pockets of Ramanathapuram district

20. What is mean by watershed management?

The comprehensive method to conserve water is known as watershed management.This method is using not only during heavy rains when rivers and tanks are over flowing but also during dry season when they are devoid of water

21. What are the common practices of conservation of water?

              *   Wastage of water should be avoided .
              *   Rainwater harvesting methods and construction of small check dams to arrest water from runoff and to store water for ground water recharge.
              *   Recycling of water where ever possible.
              *   Grow more trees. Trees act as sponge in absorbing excess water and recharge the underground water reserve.

22. What do you mean by Esterification?

Esterification is the general name for a chemical reaction in which two reactants form an ester as the reaction product. Ester is used in fragrance and flavour industry for their pleasant,fruity odour.

23. Write about the bio-fuel production in Tamil Nadu.

Tamil Nadu government is a pioneer in bio-fuel production. It is one among the nine states to use 5% ethanol blended fuels for vehicles since 2003. Seeds of Jatropha plant is used in the production of biofuel. Other seeds used in the production of biofuels are neem,karani and pungam.

24. Define sustainable Development.

Any developmental programme aiming at development of a place should meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the right of the future generations to do so. This is known as sustainable development.

25. Distinguish between MPCA and MPDA.

Medicinal Plants Conservation areas are initiated by Tamil Nadu Forest Department to conserve medicinal plants with the help of non-governmental organizations. As  a part of it, MPCA have been identified to protect the endangered species of plants .  :-  Medicinal Plants Development Area is a method which aims at restoring degraded forests by raising the native plants with community participation. There are 8 such MPDA s in Tamil Nadu.

26 . What is mean by rainwater harvesting?

The process of augumenting natural infiltration of rain water or surface run off into the ground by some artificial method is known as rainwater harvesting.The methods suggested are recharge through pits, trenches,bore well shafts by directly diverting run off water into existing or disused wells or conserving the rain water by artificial storing and using the same for human use.

27. What is mean by inner core,buffer zone and outer transition area in biosphere reserves?

An inner coreis an  area which is well protected. A buffer zone with facilities for education training and research. An outer transition is an area for tourism and recreation