1. What is TGV?
The super speed train which covers the 462 km distance between Paris and Lyons in 2 hours at a speed of 270km/hour is known as the TGV. The TGV has been in operation since 1983.

2. Which are the different types of agency expenditure?
The agency expenditure is of three types.
•    Costs of administration and salaries to the personnel
•    Costs incurred in the utilization and management of transport vehicles and modes
•    Fuel and other input costs.

3. What is mean by transport network?
The pattern of roads or rail lines or any routes which facilitates travel, movement and information exchange besides connecting several places with one another is generally referred to as a ‘transport network’. In the network, the nodes and the edges are fundamental.

4. What are the primitive concepts in the analysis of any transport network?
    The junctions ,the origin
    Routes connections
    The junctions, the destination.

5. What are nodes and routes?
In the analysis of any transport network, there are three primitive concepts, they are
    The junctions ,the origin
    Routes connections
    The junctions, the destination
These may be generally referred to as nodes and routes.

6. What are the different types of transport?
There are three types of transport. They are
    Passenger transport
    Commodity or cargo transport
    Information exchange.

7. Explain about passenger transport?
People travel between places in accordance with their needs. Travel distance, time and mode change in tune with the demand. Particularly, a large number of people use the roads and railways commensurate with their needs.

8. Describe about road transport?
Transport developments occur towards meeting their demand for travel on a day to day basis. To avoid heavy traffic, multiway transport, ring roads, expressways and freeways have been constructed. In places such as Madras, multi level routes have been laid to avoid traffic jams. Flyovers have been constructed to reach one level from another. Gemini flyover in Chennai is an example. There are ring roads around most cities, alternate routes and bypasses in all of them. ’Hundred Feet Roads ‘are a concept being implemented too.

9. Explain about M25 road in United Kingdom?
The most important motorway in United Kingdom is M25. This is laid around the city of London. With this, the centre of London which has heavy traffic all the time is avoided.  It is estimated that travel time decreases by about 60 percent for certain vital locations in London, primarily due to M25. This route connects the three important airports in the United Kingdom, Heathrow, Gadwick, and Stand stead.

10.  Explain about train travel?
The railways play a vital role in passenger transport. The railways have fast passenger and high speed train, catering to the needs of the people. There are special and permanent trains, which are faster, between some towns and cities. There are some trains which operate between 36 and 50 hours and thus are long distance trains. The recent development in the rail traffic is the opening of the ‘sea tunnel ways’. In the cities and mega cities, the railways offer yeomen services to the people. Metro rail transports are either trams services or electrical locomotive units.

11. Describe about air transport?
To travel long distances in short travel times, aircrafts are used. There are planes which could travel at the speed of 6000km per hour. There are air buses and jumbo jets which are carriers of a large number of people. They are ushered into certain special services for their versatility. They are being used in the transport of armies and medical supplies and experts to distant areas. They are useful in any kind of landscapes. The airline traffic connects areas inaccessible to land. In recent times, there has been a change in the way people travel by air, with the introduction of cheap air travel. While there has been a competition among the international airlines, it has also resulted in prices being cut drastically by some airlines to improve their performance.

12. What is cargo traffic?
The commodity transport is dependent upon the world trade. The carriers differ with the size of cargoes, their weight and their volume. The light and perishable commodities are transported through the airways. Heavy commodities are sent through roadways and sea routes while the liquids and gases are being sent through the pipelines. The vehicles or carriers are structured according to the nature of the commodities. They are sent mostly through tankers, and containers for safety.

 13. What is containerization?
In containerization method, all commodities are put into containers and sent as contained cargoes. This is safe and more compact for transport. These containers are often transported by roadways to the ports. Finished products and consumer products are often sent through containers.  The containers are very useful in the transport of commodities in the interior of the country.

14. What are the merits of containerization of cargoes?
    Commodities are carried safely from the interior locations and cities to the ports    
    Transport costs are reduced by sending the commodities from several exporters in the same containers.
    The exports and the importers could perform their exporting and importing functions from their own places of residences
    In loading the commodities onto the ships, containers help with large quantities being contained for export or import.

15. Which factors determine the value of information technology?
•    Nature and type of sensing of information
•    Its spatial and temporal resolution
•    Our capability for processing data into information, storing and handling them in terms of computer facility
•    The analytical capability with us and the corresponding interpretative capability amongst us
•    Classifying the conclusions and solutions from the information obtained by us and bringing them into use in a beneficial manner.

16. What is mean by communication revolution?
Communication revolution is considered as the ‘third wave’ of global revolution. It is expected that the third revolution of communication would bring about changes in the world that would surpass all changes that occurred in the earlier revolutions. It has made possible the belief that it is ‘one world’. It would also integrate people of all world, in all directions, is talked about throughout.

17. Describe about the generation of computers?
Computers have been developed in a very rapid succession. Present day computers are considered the fifth generation computers. The first generation computers used valves. The second generation computers used the transistors. The third has been developed using integrated circuits.  And the fourth uses microchips. The microchips are still being used in the fifth generation computers.

18. How computers are useful in telecommunications?
o    They act as storages and retrieval media when required
o    They have a major role in international information exchange through Electronic mail and international telecommunications.

19. Write about printing revolution?
The machine published books became the primary sources of information besides reaching most of the world population. The 19th century steam driven printing press gave way to the machines which operated with the electricity and depended on composing. Next came litho press. Photocopying created a revolution in copying. This is even now in use. In this computer age, printing has become simple through desktop publication.

20. Describe about sea tunnels?
The recent development in rail traffic is the opening of the sea tunnel ways. The best example is the one between London and Paris beneath the English Channel, running for 40 km. This tunnel way, in fact, functions in three tunnels and not just one. In one, the trains are run at 300km/hour while in the second there is the transport of vehicles crossing the channel. The third is the service tunnel for both. This rail transport began in 1994. This ‘beneath the sea rail transport’ is also an example of human ingenuity and technology.

21. Explain about telegraph and telephone as devices of communication technology?
The first ever electrically operated telegraphic equipment came into use in the year 1837. Subsequently, in 1867, the telephone was born. These have served humankind for more than a century in the exchange of information. Joining with the computers and satellites in telecommunications, the telephones have revolutionized the internal and international exchanges. As a ‘two-way communication’ and a ‘communication without codes’, telephones have become a communication link with no match to its versatility.

22. What are the advantages of Radio?
Radio broadcasting came into vogue in the year 1922. Radio has acquired the epithet ‘the vehicle of social change’ in a few years’ time. It had a very distinctive role in the green revolution of the developing countries. It is also being used as the primary communication link in the population control. It is not only useful to the educated, but even more so to the uneducated.

23. What are the advantages of Television?
Sound and light based communication was first begun in 1936. This is the television era, which has made possible a ‘reception room revolution’ using the cinematographic techniques. This is an instrument changing the perception of the world population. The necessary information they provide, recreational and entertainment fares they offer and the knowledge based telecasts are numerous.

24. What are the advantages of satellites?
    Detection of mine of oil,gas,petroleum etc
    Earth management studies such as Google Earth, crop management, erosion management etc
    Defence
    Astronomy
    Internet/data transmission
    TV/entertainment broadcast
    Phone communication
    GPS
    Weather prediction.

25. What is deep sea links?
A deep sea line telegraphic lines are a communication link among the many countries which have developed quite fast in both telegraphic and telephonic communication. A deep sea line in 1980 carried some 5000 telephonic links. Many countries are not only connected by the deep sea telegraphic lines but they use them in an important way too.

26. What is mean by ancient communication?
In ancient communication, all information is conveyed through symbols. The African drummers communicated messages through sound. Smoke signals were in use among some tribes as a means of communications. Flags and pictorials were used as auxiliaries to telecommunications.