a b c

  0

  ab + b c + ca

  0

  a b c

  ^-a b c

  1

1

1

2

13

  0

  1

  3

  3a

  a + b + c = 0

  a b c = 1

  a +b + c = 1

  ab + b c + ca = 0

  ^-w

  w

  1

  w²

  ^-(a + b)

  ^-(b + c)

  ^-a

  ^-(a + b + c)

  1, 9

  -1, 9

  ^-1, ^-9

  1, ^-9

the upper triangular

lower triangular

Square matrix

null matrix

 1

ω

ω²

  0