d1, What is the meaning of management ? Putting the various inputs or resources like men, money, machines, methods etc. to their proper use and facilitating the conversion of raw material into finished product or providing some services to various consumers management helps in the transformation of these inputs into output an services in such a way that there is optimum production for satisfaction of consumers. 2, Define Management Management is the art of getting things done through and with people in formally organized groups. It is the process of planning, organising, staffing, directing and controlling the enterprise resources efficiently and effectively to achieve the organization goals. 3, What is the process of Management. The process of management consist of five elements or functions. These functions are planning, organising, staffing, directing and controlling. These steps are universally followed by business and non – business organization. They are closely related. This process is largely a social one, involving the interrelations of people at work. 4, Distinguish between ‘effectiveness’ and ‘Efficiency’. Effectiveness, is the timeliness in completing a task and efficiency is the perfection required in the task. Effectiveness implies the quantitative aspect and the efficiency refers to the quality of the task. 5, Write a short notes on ‘Effectiveness’ The operational meaning of effectiveness is to complete the given work according to the planned schedule, like assemblage of 10 units per hour or selling 100 TV sets per week. If 10 units have been assembled in an hour 100 TV sets have been sold in a week, it would be presumed that the criteria of effectiveness have been met. 6, Write a short notes on efficiency Efficiency under management, means doing the work correctly and with minimum cost. The assemblage of 10 units per hour and the sale of 100 TV sets per week show that the criterion of ‘effectiveness’ has been met. The criterion of ‘effectiveness’ has been met if all the 10 units are according to the laid down standard and similarly the sale of 100 TV sets is genuine and according to the policy manual of sales. 7, Why is it said that “ management” is a goal oriented process” ? Management lays emphasis on the achievement of goals and objectives. Managers keep in mind the goals that are to be accomplished. They mobilize the resources and proceed towards the achievement of goals. Managers guide the people, motivate them and realise the goals that have been planned. 8. What is the characteristics of Management ? i) Management lays emphasis on the achievement of goals and objectives. ii) Management is universal and required in all business and non – business enterprises. iii) It is associated with group efforts. iv) It is an intangible activity. v) It is an organized activity vi) It is a continuous process vii) It is a dynamic function. viii) It is a multidimensional. 9, Write about multidimensional nature of management. Management has a multidimensional nature. Its main dimensions are : i) Management of work: This dimension relates to the nature of work being done in an organization. ii) Management of people : Management has to deal with different types of people. Some are efficient others are less efficient. iii) Management of operations : Management of operations is inter – linked with both - management of work and management of operations. 10, why is ‘management called a group activity’ ? Management is associated with the efforts of a group. This group consists of different individuals with different interests. Management generates the feeling of common organizational goals. In this way, mangers work with and through people and get the organizational objectives accomplished through them. 11. How do management is necessary in all organizations ? Management is exercised wherever group activities are going on. Management systematizes the group - efforts and gets the work done. Management is required wherever a group of persons is required to accomplish some objectives. We come across group of persons not only in business enterprises, but even in non – business organisations, like a school, club etc. Hence management is necessary in all organisations. 12, Which characteristics of management is called the unseen force ? Intangible activity is called the unseen force. Workers are engaged in the manual or mechanical work. Clerks are busy in various clerical operations. A layman would perhaps infer that most of the activities are being done by the rank and file and the managers activities are negligible. This assumption is not correct. In fact, the compliance by the clerks and workers is at the instance of the managers. Thus management is an initiative and intangible activity. It cannot be seen directly and is called the unseen force. 13, “ Management crates a dynamic organisation” How ? Management creates a dynamic organisation so mangers keep making changes in the organisation to match the environmental changes. Management is a dynamic function. Through management revolves around its basic functions, Viz. Planning, organising, staffing, directing and controlling. Its dynamism lies in the fact that they bring in changes in these functions when the changed environment expects so. 14, “Management consists of an on going series of function” which characteristic of management is highlighted by this statement ? Management is a continuous process. The cycle of the process of management is always moving. As long as enterprises exists, it has to plan, organise and do other managerial functions to achieve its objectives. These functions are performed continuously and simultaneously by all the mangers. 15, Enumerate the steps in the objectives of Management . I Organizational objectives. (i) Place in the competitive market. (ii) Productivity (iii) Profitability (iv) Commitment to development (v) Survival. II. Individual objectives (i) Competitive remuneration (ii) Personal growth (iii) Pear recognition. (iv) Good working conditions. (v) Job satisfaction III. Social objectives (i) Fair prices (ii) Unadulterated good (iii) Generating (iv) Controlling pollution (v) Public amenities. 16, What is the importance of Management ? The importance of efficient management can be judged through the following contribution it makes. (i) Maximum results with Minimum Resources. (ii) Realization of personal objectives (iii) Economic growth (iv) System in place of Rule of Thumb (v) Production of investors Interests 17, Which importance of management is rightly observed by urwick and Brech ? Maximum results with Minimum Resources. Management tires to secure the maximum results and resources. Urwick and Breck have rightly observed, No ideology, no political theory can win a greater output with less efforts from a given complex of human and material resources but only sound management. 18, Write a short notes on Realization of personal objectives ? Some industrial concerns are deemed on account of strikes and lockouts such situations mainly arise when there is mismanagement on the part of mangers. A proper management visualizes the situation and takes timely action in order to avoid any unforeseen conditions. 19, Which importance of Management is pointed out by Rostow? Economic growth is mainly due to technology, education and capital. Now it has been realized that advanced management know how is equally important of economic growth. Rostwo has pointed out, “a small professional elite can go a long way towards initiating economic growth”. 20, Write about Management as a science. Management is a systematized body of knowledge. Its principles are applicable when organizations are managed. But they are not that exact as those physical sciences. It is so beings. It would be more appropriate to call it a social science. 21, Write about Management as an Art. The application of knowledge towards the achievement of desired objectives is an art. (i) Application of principles and techniques. (ii) Judgment (iii) Intuition (iv) Practice 22, What do you mean by management as a profession ? Management is not a full fledged profession, as it does not fulfill all the criteria required for a profession. It meets the requirement of knowledge and public sanction. It does not completely meet the requirements of competent application, social responsibility, self control and restricted entry. 23, Name the criteria of a profession which is not fully present in Indian management. Ethical codes : Some ethical standards are provided for every profession and every individual who is dealing in a particular profession is expected to maintain conformity with these standards regarding management, these ethical standards are not universally accepted. 24, “Management is both a science as well as an art”. Comment. Management is not a pure Science or art, it possesses some elements of science as well as an art. The science of management provides some general principles in the organisation but these cannot be applied without managerial skills and techniques. Thus science and art are complementary to each other. Knowledge of principle is necessary for the organisation, but without their practical applications, desired results cannot be achieved. Thus management is both science and art. 25, What should be done so that management becomes a full - fledged profession ? An occupation, to be considered as a profession, should meet the following criteria. (i) It should be based on systematic and well organized body of knowledge. (ii) It should have an input of systematic training and development. (iii) Its members should attach more importance to social service and less to money. (iv) It should have a code of conduct. 26, Discuss the basic features of management as a profession. Management as a profession, has the following features. (i) Management has a well – defined body of knowledge, consisting of concepts, functions, principles, techniques and theories. (ii) It recommends formal method of training and experience. (iii) It is governed by some apex organisations. Management lacks some other features of profession, like social services, code of conduct and restricted entry. 27, A successful enterprise has to achieve its goals effectively and efficiently. Explain. Managers should try to be effective and efficient minded. At times when the things are beyond their reach, they should try their best to optimize effectiveness and efficiency. The state of deficiency should not continue for a long period. 28, What is the ‘Levels of Management’? (i) Top – level management Top – level management in a company includes the board of Directors and the chief executive. (ii) Middle management: The level consists of functional heads, viz., purchase manager, production Manager, accounts manger, sales manager etc. (iii) Supervisory or operational Management. Managers at this level are known as supervisors, Foremen, section officers, first line mangers, etc. 29, What is the meaning of Levels of management Levels of management means different categories of managers having different quantum of authority from the lowest to the highest. There is no hard and fast rule about the number of levels, in an enterprise. Some organisation have less level and the number of levels, generally, increases as the size of organisation expands. 30, In which level of management do the managers oversee the activities of workers ? Supervisory or operational management : Managers at this level are known as supervisors, foremen, section officers, first line mangers, etc. Managers at this level concentrate on the following functions: work schedules, overseeing the Activities of subordinates, solving the problems, A link between workers and Higher level officers, Develop work procedures and methods. 31, Which level of management is primarily engaged in policy formulation ? Top level management in a company includes the board of directors and the chief executive. The Board of Directors is responsible to the share holders. The chief executive is a link between the Board and his mangers. The directors and the chief executive jointly set of goals and formulate the policies to realize them. 32, Through which function is management initiated ? Planning : Planning means looking ahead and deciding the future course of action. It involves suggesting ways and means to achieve the objectives. There may be different ways of achieving the objective and planning attempts to choose the best out of them, planning includes forecasting which is the process of assessing the future. 33, Explain the main functions of Top – Level management. i) Long – term objectives. ii) Strategic Decision – making iii) Bread guidelines. iv) Major appointments v) Protecting the integrity of the enterprise. vi) Appraising the senior officers work 34, What are the main functions of middle level management ? The managers of this level, generally perform the following functions. (i) Formulating short –term objectives (ii) Drafting departmental polices (iii) Assigning and delegating the Activities (iv) Co – ordination with other Departments (v) Development of subordinate managers (vi) Reviewing the performance. 35, Which function of management ensures that actual activities can from to planned activities ? Controlling function of Management: It refers to the comparison of actual performance with the planned performance and to take corrective actions to minimize the deviation. Thus under the control function, measuring standards or yardsticks are established and communicated to the managers who, in turn, evaluate the performance of the employees. 36, State any five functions of lower level management / supervisory or operational management. Managers at this level concentrate on the following functions. (i) Work schedules. (ii) Overseeing the Activities of subordinates (iii) Solving the problems (iv) A link between workers and Higher level officers. (v) Develop work procedures and methods. 37, Name the level of management involved in (i) Overseeing the activities of workers. Supervisory level. Overseeing the activities of subordinates: Supervisors oversee the activities of workers. They see everybody under them is doing the work competently according to the laid down standards. They guide them if there is any deviation in their performance. 38, Describe one function each of the three levels of management Top level Management Long term objectives: Top level managers, not only formulate the business objectives, but also take important decisions to realize these objectives. 39, What are the three level of management ? State any one function of top level management. i) Top level management ii) Middle management iii) Supervisory or operational management. The function of top level Management: Strategic Decision – making. Top – level managers, not only formulate the business objectives, but also take important decisions to realize these objectives. They decide how the long – term objectives are to be achieved in a phased manner. 40, state any two functions of the middle level management. (i) Work schedules : Supervisors develop day – to- day work schedules for their subordinates. They ensure that the workers and clerks stick to the schedules developed by them. (ii) Solving the problems. Whenever the subordinates get stuck due to any problem, they come to their rescue. 41, What are the functions of management. i)Planning : ( planning involves what to do how to do and who will do it.) ii) organising : organising as a process contains these steps: a) Enumerating the activities. b) Grouping the activities c) Assigning the activities d) Delegating the activities e) coordinating the activities iii) Staffing iv) Directing v) Controlling. 42, “ An enterprise can be successful if it achieves its goals effectively and efficiently” explain. The managers of a large scale chain stores were asked to reach the sales targets to become entitled for incentives. A few managers, instead of selling the goods to genuine consumers, sold to retailers and become entitled for incentives. In this case the effectiveness have been accomplished but efficiency has been sacrificed. 43, Explain any one important social objectives : These are the objectives that the management has to fulfill for the society. Some important social objectives are : (i) Fair prices : Management should fix up reasonable prices for their products and services. Only those enterprises can survive in the long run, that keep the society’s interest in mind and do not over charge form its members. (ii) Unadulterated (iii) Generating employment (iv) Controlling pollution. 44, Management is regarded as a perfect science. Explain the reasons. Science is a systematized body of knowledge, establishing relationship between cause and effect of a phenomenon. The essential features which consider management as a science are: (i) Systematized body of knowledge (ii) Experimental observations (iii) Cause and effect relationship. (iv) Universal applicability of principles. 45. “Management is regarded as an art”. Explain the reasons. The application of knowledge towards the achievement of desired objectives is an art. The following points establish that management is an art: (i) It is the art of management that solves many managerial problems by applying the knowledge that management has bet owed. (ii) Management problem solving is augmented if the manager has strong intuitive power. 46, Write short notes on staffing and directing ( in functions of management). Staffing: It involves the regular provision of human resources needed for different positions in an enterprise. Directing: It refers to the instructing, guiding, motivating and supervise the employees so that they put their efforts to achieve the desired goals. 47, Write a short notes on organising and controlling. Organising: It refers to defining and grouping activities to different sections for more effective performance and to accomplish objectives. Controlling: It refers to the comparison of actual performance with the planned performance and to take corrective actions to minimize the deviation. 48. What is the meaning of co ordination and elements of coordination ? Meaning of coordination : It is the orderly arrangement of action of group effort to provide unity of action in the pursuit of a common purpose elements of coordination : (i) Integration (ii) Intra and Inter – departmental balancing. (iii) Timing. 49, Write a short note on the importance of co-ordination? The importance of coordination may be explained through the following points: (i) Proper placement (ii) Synchronized actions (iii) Team work (iv) Strengthens management functions. (v) Leads to Economy, productivity and profitability. (vi) More job satisfaction. (vii) Unity in Diversity. 50, What is the nature and features of coordination ? The nature of coordination may be analysed as under. (i) Essence of managing (ii) Continuous activity (iii) Cooperation strengthens coordination (iv) Facilitates achievement of common purpose. (v) Group effort (vi) An all pervasive function (vii) A deliberate function. 51, Co-ordination is the essence of management explain this statement briefly. Coordination is require at every step of management. It exists with each function of management. Planning presupposes application for achieving objectives of the businesses, managers have to ensure proper co-ordination amongst various persons and departments. 52, Explain any one element of co – ordination. Timing: Timing requires the knowledge of the duration required for completing each activity. Some activities require more time, others less time. The element of timing should be exercised in such a way that the whole purpose is accomplished effectively. Timing also presupposes the point of starting an activity and the point of time when it should be completed. 53, “ Co-ordination is needed at all levels of management and it is the responsibility of all managers”. Explain how. Coordination is required at all levels of management in different departments. Purchase manager, for example, will take the consent of production manager before buying a particular type of raw material, as production manager has to convert the raw material into finished product. In this way each manager is involved in some or other way in realising the organisational goals. Hence, co ordination is all pervasive. 54, Explain difference between co ordination and cooperation. Co ordination 1. It is essence of management which brings unity to integrates different activities of the organisation. 2. It has a wider scope as it includes cooperation . 3. It is a conscious and deliberate effort of manager. Cooperation 1, It is a voluntary effort of employees to work together to attain desired objectives. 2, It has a narrow scope as it works towards establishing coordination. 3, It is a voluntary effort of individuals or employees.